In 1979, Sony introduced mobility into the world of consumer electronics. The Walkman combined a small, battery powered cassette tape player with lightweight headphones to create a personal music device that you could take with you wherever you went.
Before the Walkman, people could listen to music in their homes or in their cars. Portable “boomboxes” had begun to be produced, but were intrusive, being too large and heavy for many activities and forcing the owners’ listening preferences on everyone in the immediate vicinity.
The mid-1970s had been hard on Sony, as competitors like RCA, Zenith, Toshiba, and JVC adopted and improved upon technologies Sony had invented. The company lost share in critical markets and overall revenue growth slowed from 166% for the first four years of the decade to 35% for the next four.
The Walkman ushered in the 1980s as a period of unprecedented growth for Sony. The company’s sales and operating revenues grew from 643 billion Yen in 1979 to nearly 3 trillion Yen in 1989. The Walkman also played a pivotal role in establishing Sony as a global brand standing for innovation and entertainment.
However, this success was not guaranteed when the product was envisioned by Sony’s founder and honorary chairman, Masaru Ibuku. To keep dimensions small and the price relatively affordable, the Walkman lacked a record function. Critics claimed that no one would buy a tape machine that couldn’t record. Industry experts could not yet envision that the value of mobility would outweigh any feature limitations in the product.
The Walkman truly revolutionized the electronics industry. To properly introduce the impact of the innovation, Sony held a launch event for journalists where the message was completely communicated via Walkman. The guests were ushered onto a tour bus where each was given one of the new products. The tape inside introduced the Walkman. The bus took the journalists to a nearby park where active people used the product while riding a bike and roller skating - all choreographed to the taped explanation of the power of mobility unleashed by this radical new invention.
In the first month of availability, only 3,000 of the initial production run of 30,000 units sold, seemingly validating the predictions of the skeptics. However, in the next month, the entire first batch sold out. Mobile music had become a phenomenon across Japan. Sony and its retail partners struggled to keep up with demand. Soon, fans around the world were begging Sony to take the product global.
By 1986, the Walkman had become so ubiquitous and synonymous with mobile music that the word “Walkman” was added to the Oxford English Dictionary. More than 50 million units of the product family shipped in the first 10 years, with that number doubling again by 1992.
Not only was the Walkman a huge commercial success that helped put Sony on the map as a consumer electronics and entertainment powerhouse, but it also radically transformed how people listen to music.
Technology and design writer Liz Bailey explained to the BBC “what the Walkman really changed was the culture of music: you could now listen to what was effectively the soundtrack of your own life, starring you as yourself.”
What Sony did was take a product that, by assumption, was fixed, and made it mobile.
People previously listened to music in a small number of places - primarily in specific rooms in their home and in their cars. The Walkman liberated music from those constraints of place. Music went from being fixed to being mobile, and as a result, music sales, especially on cassette tapes boomed. During the 1980s, the recording industry had to introduce a new Multi-Platinum award for titles that sold more than 2 million copies.
This transformation created tremendous new value for the customer. Music could now be enjoyed anywhere, anytime. Instead of being limited to the waking times spent at home or in the car, customers were listening while traveling, while playing and exercising, while commuting on public transport, and in previously musically deprived parts of their homes.
That value creation translated into growth for the consumer electronics industry, and most importantly for Sony, a strong foundation for the company’s development into a global powerhouse.